From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Papua Niugini
Independent State of Papua New Guinea
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| Motto: Unity in diversity[1] |
Anthem: O Arise, All You Sons[2]
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Capital
(and largest city) |
Port Moresby
9°30′S, 147°07′E |
| Official languages |
English, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu |
| Demonym |
Papua New Guinean |
| Government |
Constitutional monarchy |
| - |
Queen |
Elizabeth II |
| - |
Governor-General |
Sir Paulias Matane |
| - |
Prime Minister |
Sir Michael Somare |
| Independence |
From Australia |
| - |
Self-governing |
December 1, 1973 |
| - |
Independence |
September 16, 1975 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
462,840 km² (54th)
178,703 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
2 |
| Population |
| - |
2007 estimate |
6,300,000 [3] (104th) |
| - |
Density |
13/km² (201st)
34/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2005 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$14.363 billion (126th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$2,418 (131st) |
| Gini (1996) |
50.9 (high) |
| HDI (2007) |
▲ 0.530 (medium) (145th) |
| Currency |
Papua New Guinean kina (PGK) |
| Time zone |
AEST (UTC+10) |
| - |
Summer (DST) |
not observed (as of 2005) (UTC+10) |
| Internet TLD |
.pg |
| Calling code |
+675 |
Papua New Guinea [ˈpæpuːə njuː ˈgɪni] (help·info) (or pronounced /ˈpæpjuːə/, in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. Its capital, and one of its few major cities, is Port Moresby.
It is one of the most diverse countries on Earth, with over 850
indigenous languages and at least as many traditional societies, out of
a population of just under 6 million. It is also one of the most rural,
with only 18 per cent of its people living in urban centres.[4]
The country is also one of the world's least explored, culturally and
geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are
thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.
The majority of the population live in traditional societies and practise subsistence-based agriculture.
These societies and clans have some explicit acknowledgement within the
nation's constitutional framework. The PNG Constitution (Preamble 5(4))
expresses the wish for traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society,[5]
and for active steps to be taken in their preservation. The PNG
legislature has enacted various laws in which a type of tenure called "customary land title" is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples
have some legal basis to inalienable tenure. This customary land
notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of
total land area);[6] alienated land is either held privately under State Lease or is government land. Freehold Title (also known as fee simple) can only be held by Papua New Guinea citizens.[7]
The country's geography is similarly diverse and, in places,
extremely rugged. A spine of mountains runs the length of the island of
New Guinea, forming a populous highlands region. Dense rainforests
can be found in the lowland and coastal areas. This terrain has made it
difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure. In
some areas, planes are the only mode of transport. After being ruled by
three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea gained its independence from Australia in 1975.
History
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Human remains have been found which have been dated to about 50,000
years ago. These ancient inhabitants probably had their origins in Southeast Asia.
Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands
around 9,000 years ago, making it one of the few areas of original
plant domestication in the world. A major migration of Austronesian
speaking peoples came to coastal regions roughly 2,500 years ago, and
this is correlated with the introduction of pottery, pigs, and certain
fishing techniques. More recently, some 300 years ago, the sweet potato entered New Guinea having been introduced to the Moluccas from South America by the then-locally dominant colonial power, Portugal.[8]
The far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically
transformed traditional agriculture; sweet potato largely supplanted
the previous staple, taro, and gave rise to a significant increase in population in the highlands.
Little was known in the West about the island until the nineteenth
century, although traders from Southeast Asia had been visiting New
Guinea as long as 5,000 years ago collecting bird of paradise plumes,[9] and Spanish and Portuguese explorers had encountered it as early as the sixteenth century (1526 and 1527 Don Jorge de Meneses). The country's dual name results from its complex administrative history prior to Independence. The word papua is derived from a Malay word describing the frizzy Melanesian hair, and "New Guinea" (Nueva Guinea) was the name coined by the Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, who in 1545 noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa.
The northern half of the country came into German hands in 1884 as German New Guinea. During World War I, it was occupied by Australia,
which had begun administering British New Guinea, the southern part, as
the re-named Papua in 1904 once Britain was assured by the federation
of the Australian colonies that Queensland,
with its equivocal history of race relations, would not have a direct
hand in the administration of the territory. After World War I,
Australia was given a mandate to administer the former German New Guinea by the League of Nations.
Papua, by contrast, was deemed to be an External Territory of the
Australian Commonwealth, though as a matter of law it remained a
British possession, an issue which had significance for the country's
post-Independence legal system after 1975. This difference in legal
status meant that Papua and New Guinea had entirely separate
administrations, both controlled by Australia.
The two territories were combined into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
after World War II, which later was simply referred to as "Papua New
Guinea". The Administration of Papua was now also open to United
Nations oversight. However, certain statutes[10]
continued (and continue) to have application only in one of the two
territories, a matter considerably complicated today by the adjustment
of the former boundary among contiguous provinces with respect to road
access and language groups, so that such statutes apply on one side
only of a boundary which no longer exists.
Peaceful independence from Australia, the de facto metropolitan power occurred on September 16, 1975, and close ties remain (Australia remains the largest bilateral aid donor to Papua New Guinea).
A secessionist revolt in 1975-76 on the island of Bougainville
resulted in an eleventh-hour modification of the draft Constitution of
Papua New Guinea to allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen
districts of pre-Independence Papua New Guinea to have quasi-federal
status as provinces. The revolt recurred and claimed 20,000 lives from
1988 until it was resolved in 1997. Autonomous Bougainville recently
elected Joseph Kabui as president but his death from a heart attack has meant deputy John Tabinaman has now its leader.
A girl with a dog at Island of Wagifa
Law
-
The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as
in other jurisdictions having "cabinet," "responsible government," or
"parliamentary democracy": it is introduced by the executive government
to the legislature, debated and, if passed, becomes law when it
receives royal assent by the Governor-General. Most legislation is
actually regulation implemented by the bureaucracy under enabling
legislation previously passed by Parliament.
All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with
the Constitution and the courts have jurisdiction to rule on the
constitutionality of statutes, both in disputes before them and on a
reference where there is no dispute but only an abstract question of
law. Unusual among developing countries, the judicial branch of
government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably independent and
successive executive governments have continued to respect its
authority.
The "underlying law" — that is, the common law of Papua New Guinea — consists of English common law as it stood on September 16, 1975
(the date of Independence), and thereafter the decisions of PNG’s own
courts. The courts are directed by the Constitution and, latterly, the Underlying Law Act,
to take note of the "custom" of traditional communities, with a view to
determining which customs are common to the whole country and may be
declared also to be part of the underlying law. In practice, this has
proved extremely difficult and has been largely neglected. Statutes are
largely adopted from overseas jurisdictions, primarily Australia and
England. Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of
other common law countries.
Politics
-
Papua New Guinea is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and Queen Elizabeth II
is the head of state. It had been expected by the constitutional
convention, which prepared the draft constitution, and by Australia,
the outgoing metropolitan power, that Papua New Guinea would choose not
to retain its link with the British monarchy. The founders, however,
considered that imperial honours had a cachet that the newly
independent state would not be able to confer with a purely indigenous
honours system — the Monarchy was thus maintained.[11] The Queen is represented in Papua New Guinea by the Governor-General, currently Sir Paulias Matane. Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands are unusual among Commonwealth realms
in that their Governors-General are effectively selected by the
legislature rather than by the executive, as in some parliamentary
democracies within or formerly within the Commonwealth whose
non-executive ceremonial president is similarly chosen and as would
have been the case had the link with the monarchy been severed at
independence such that the governor-general was an autochthonous head
of state.
Actual executive power lies with the Prime Minister, who heads the cabinet. The unicameral National Parliament has 109 seats, of which 20 are occupied by the governors of the 19 provinces and the NCD. Candidates for members of parliament
are voted upon when the prime minister calls a national election, a
maximum of five years after the previous national election. In the
early years of independence, the instability of the party system led to
frequent votes of no-confidence in Parliament with resulting falls of
the government of the day and the need for national elections, in
accordance with the conventions of parliamentary democracy. In recent
years, successive governments have passed legislation preventing such
votes sooner than 18 months after a national election. This has
arguably resulted in greater stability though, perhaps, at a cost of
reducing the accountability of the executive branch of government.
Elections in PNG attract large numbers of candidates. After independence in 1975, members were elected by the first past the post
system, with winners frequently gaining less than 15% of the vote.
Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote
system (LPV), a version of the Alternative Vote. The 2007 general election was the first to be conducted using LPV.
Regions, provinces and districts
-
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions,
which are not the primary administrative divisions, but are quite
significant in many aspects of government, commercial, sporting and
other activities.
The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen provinces, the autonomous province of North Solomons (Bougainville) and the National Capital District. Each province is divided into one or more districts, which in turn are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.
Provinces[12]
are the primary administrative divisions of the country. Provincial
governments are branches of the national government — Papua New Guinea
is not a federation of provinces. The province-level divisions are as follows:
Geography
Map of Papua New Guinea
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At 462,840 km² (178,704 sq mi), Papua New Guinea is the world's fifty-fourth largest country (after Cameroon). It is comparable in size to Sweden, and somewhat larger than the US state of California.
Papua New Guinea is mostly mountainous (highest peak: Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 m; 14,793 ft) and mostly covered with tropical rainforest, as well as very large wetland areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly rivers. Papua New Guinea is surrounded by coral reefs which are under close watch to preserve them.
The country is situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the point of collision of several tectonic plates. There are a number of active volcanoes and eruptions are frequent. Earthquakes are relatively common, sometimes accompanied by tsunamis.
The mainland of the country is the eastern half of New Guinea island, where the largest towns are also located, including the capital Port Moresby and Lae; other major islands within Papua New Guinea include New Ireland, New Britain, Manus and Bougainville.
Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the equator that experience snowfall, which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland.
Ecology
Papua New Guinea is part of the Australasia ecozone, which also includes